Based on the success of the Ansari X PRIZE (which stimulated the creation of billion-dollar private spaceflight industry) and more recently the launch of the $30M Google Lunar X PRIZE and the $10M Progressive Automotive X PRIZE, this talk explains how to incentivize breakthroughs. Traditional thinking, risk-aversion and incrementalism will cause the demise of companies unable to cope with the coming decades of disruptive innovation, while the rapid growth of key exponential technologies (Nano, Info, Bio) are empowering individuals and companies to do what only governments were able to achieve in past decades. Such technologies will drive a period of significant disruption and opportunity.